Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, widely used in construction and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that otherwise occur in the crystal lattices of iron atoms.
The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2.1% of its weight. Varying the amount of alloying elements, their formation in the steel either as solute elements, or as precipitated phases, retards the movement of those dislocations that make iron comparatively ductile and weak, and thus controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel's strength compared to pure iron is only possible at the expense of ductility, of which iron has an excess. Seko Machinery’s Steel Pipe Making Machine is very popular with everyone.
Although steel had been produced in bloomery furnaces for thousands of years, steel's use expanded extensively after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century for blister steel and then crucible steel. With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century, a new era of mass-produced steel began. This was followed by Siemens-Martin process and then Gilchrist-Thomas process that refined the quality of steel. With their introductions, mild steel replaced wrought iron.
Further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS), largely replaced earlier methods by further lowering the cost of production and increasing the quality of the metal. Today, steel is one of the most common materials in the world, with more than 1.3 billion tons produced annually. It is a major component in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted standards organizations. 
The noun steel originates from the Proto-Germanic adjective stakhlijan (made of steel), which is related to stakhla (standing firm). Steel is used as an adjective from c. 1200. Steel wool is known since 1896, and steel drum from 1952. We have the cheapest Steel Pipe Making Machine and Steel Pipe Polishing Machine here.
The carbon content of steel is between 0.002% and 2.1% by weight for plain iron-carbon alloys. These values vary depending on alloying elements such as manganese, chromium, nickel, iron, tungsten, carbon and so on. Basically, steel is an iron-carbon alloy that does not undergo eutectic reaction. In contrast, cast iron does undergo eutectic reaction, suddenly solidifying into solid phases at exactly the same temperature. Too little carbon content leaves (pure) iron quite soft, ductile, and weak. Carbon contents higher than those of steel make an alloy, commonly called pig iron, that is brittle (not malleable). While iron alloyed with carbon is called carbon steel, alloy steel is steel to which other alloying elements have been intentionally added to modify the characteristics of steel. Common alloying elements include: manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, cobalt, and niobium. Additional elements are also important in steel: phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and traces of oxygen, nitrogen, and copper.
Alloys with a higher than 2.1% carbon content, depending on other element content and possibly on processing, are known as cast iron. Cast iron is not malleable even when hot, but it can be formed by casting as it has a lower melting point than steel and good castability properties. Certain compositions of cast iron, while retaining the economies of melting and casting, can be heat treated after casting to make malleable iron or ductile iron objects. Steel is also distinguishable from wrought iron (now largely obsolete), which may contain a small amount of carbon but large amounts of slag.
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Suggested Reading:What is the steel ? (1)
According to a statement issued by the Turkish Steel Exporters’ Association (CIB), the US Department of Commerce (US DOC) has recalculated the antidumping (AD) duty on rebar imports from Turkey. Seko Machiinerydeveloped a new type of Bright Annealing Machine——Energy-saving Bright Annealing Machine, welcome to order it.
In its final decision made on September 9, 2014, the US DOC had calculated the antidumping duty rate for rebar imports from Turkey as 0.0 percent. However, the US industry appealed the DOC’s final determination to the US Court of International Trade (CIT). Accordingly, the DOC has amended the dumping margin for rebar from Turkey from zero percent to 3.64 percent. The US DOC has amended the dumping margin for Turkish rebar producer ICDAS Celik Enerji Tersane ve Ulasim Sanayi A.S. from 0.00 percent to 3.64 percent, though the dumping margin for Turkish producer Habas Sinai ve Tibbi Gazlar Istihsal Endustrisi A.S has remained at 0.00 percent. At the same time, for all other Turkish producers and exporters, the dumping margin has increased to 3.64 percent. Meanwhile, according to market sources, the DOC will submit its final redetermination to the CIT by April 7, while the DOC’s original negative final determination remains in effect throughout the appeal process. There is no deadline by which the CIT must make a decision whether to accept the DOC’s final redetermination or to require the DOC to reconsider the issues which the CIT originally remanded to the DOC. 
